Rotary-linear actuator

ABSTRACT

An actuator, with two independent degrees of freedom, rotates a stage about an axis and moves the stage along the axis, the range of motion defining a cylinder or cylindrical section. The stage is mounted on a hollow cylindrical plunger fitting in an annular well. A bearing allows the plunger to move axially and rotationally, in the preferred embodiment the bearing is an air bearing. The plunger has an array of permanent magnets on its external cylindrical face opposite coils in the well. Equal numbers of oppositely-polarized permanent magnets are arranged in a regular cylindrical pattern at 50% packing density forming rings and columns of like-polarity magnets, the rings of one polarity alternating with rings of opposite polarity and the columns of one polarity alternating with columns of opposite polarity. A set of Z-axis coils (for axial movement) curve around the plunger and are shaped to allow a current in them to produce an axial force with respect to the rings of magnets. A set of φ-axis coils (for rotational movement) have longitudinal axes that are parallel to the axis of the plunger and are sized to allow current in them to impel the columns of magnets. Part of the external surface of the plunger has a grid scale, which is encoded by Z-axis and φ-axis optical pickups to provide position information to a controller.

This is a division of pending application Ser. No. 08/668,705, filedJun. 24, 1996, which, in turn, was a continuation of provisionalapplication Ser. No. 60/015,705, filed Mar. 28, 1996.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present inventions relates to devices known variously as traversingmachines, actuators, motors, positioning devices, robots, etc. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to such devices that rotate anoperating stage and move it linearly along an axis of rotation.

Various kinds of robotic actuators are known that provide multipledegrees of freedom. There is a need in the field for actuators thatprovide high accuracy, low weight, large load-carrying capacity, compactsize, smooth operation, and cost-effectiveness. One known type ofactuator that provides two-degrees of freedom, which scores highly interms of the above design goals, is an entire class of so-called X-Ytraversing systems, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,334,892, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.This patent describes a traversing system with a movable stage supportedon an air bearing above a planar base. The traversing system describedin the patent is, however, limited to movement in a plane.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a actuator thatprovides independent rotational and axial movement of a stage.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an actuator thatis simple in design and construction.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an actuator thatis compact and light in weight.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an actuatorthat is cost-effective to manufacture and maintain.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an actuatorcapable of supporting large loads.

Briefly, an actuator, with two independent degrees of freedom, rotates astage about an axis and moves the stage along the axis, the range ofmotion defining a cylinder or cylindrical section. The stage is mountedon a hollow cylindrical plunger fitting in an annular well. A bearingallows the plunger to move axially and rotationally, in the preferredembodiment the bearing is an air bearing. The plunger has an array ofpermanent magnets on its external cylindrical face opposite coils in thewell. Equal numbers of oppositely-polarized permanent magnets arearranged in a regular cylindrical pattern at 50% packing density formingrings and columns of like-polarity magnets, the rings of one polarityalternating with rings of opposite polarity and the columns of onepolarity alternating with columns of opposite polarity. A set of Z-axiscoils (for axial movement) curve around the plunger and are shaped toallow a current in them to produce an axial force with respect to therings of magnets. A set of φ-axis coils (for rotational movement) havelongitudinal axes that are parallel to the axis of the plunger and aresized to allow current in them to impel the columns of magnets. Part ofthe external surface of the plunger has a grid scale, which is encodedby Z-axis and φ-axis optical pickups to provide position information toa controller.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided,a rotary-linear actuator, comprising: first and second elements, eachhaving a common axis, the first element having at least one magnet, thesecond element having at least first and second electrical coils capableof generating respective first and second magnetic fields, a bearing tosupport the first element with respect to the second element to allowthe first and second elements to rotate about an axis relative to eachother and to slide in a direction collinear with the axis, the first andsecond coils being positioned relative to each other and relative to themagnet such as to produce a substantial motive force capable of bothrotating and displacing the first and second elements with respect toeach other when the first and second coils are excited by an electricalcurrent.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided, a rotary-linear actuator, comprising: a base element havingone of a plurality of magnets and a plurality of coils, a stage elementhaving the other of a plurality of magnets and a plurality of coils, thestage element being connected to the base element such that the stageelement is free to rotate on an axis and slide along the axis, theplurality of magnets and the plurality of coils being arranged togenerate a motive force therebetween when the plurality of coils isenergized.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided, a rotary-linear actuator, comprising: a base member, a stagemember, the base member having a first cylindrical surface, the stagemember having a second cylindrical surface, the first and secondcylindrical surfaces having a common axis, the base having one of aplurality of magnets and a plurality of electric coils shaped in such away as to define a first cylinder coaxial with the common axis and thestage having another of the plurality of magnets and the plurality ofelectric coils shaped in such a way as to define a second cylindercoaxial with the common axis.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided, a rotary-linear actuator, comprising: first and secondmembers, each having a common axis, the first member having at least onefirst means for generating a first magnetic field, the second elementhaving at least second and third means for generating second and thirdmagnetic fields, means for supporting the first member with respect tothe second member such that the first and second members are free torotate about an axis relative to each other and to slide in a directioncollinear with the axis, the second and third means for generating beingpositioned relative to each other and relative to the magnet such as toproduce a substantial motive force capable of both rotating anddisplacing the first and second elements with respect to each other.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided, a rotary-linear actuator, comprising: a first member with acylindrical opening, a second member, cylindrical in shape, sized to fitwithin the annular cylindrical opening, the first and second membersbeing connected by a bearing means for maintaining concentricity of thefirst and second members and freedom of relative linear movement of thefirst and second members along, and relative rotation of the first andsecond members about, a common axis of the first and second members, thefirst member having a means for generating a first magnetic fieldcharacterized by a first pattern, the second member having a means forgenerating a second magnetic field characterized by a second pattern,one of the first and second patterns being regular and permanent, thefirst and second magnetic fields being configured to interact so as toproduce a motive force causing the first and second members to moverelative to each other, another of the first and second patterns beingtime-varying, such that the first and second members are impelled tomove continuously in rotational and linear modes.

The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the presentinvention will become apparent from the following description read inconjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like referencenumerals designate the same elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1a is a cross-section of a rotary-linear actuator, according to anembodiment of the invention, in which a plunger is shown in asubstantially retracted position.

FIG. 1b is a cross-section of the rotary-linear actuator of FIG. 1a inwhich the plunger shown in a substantially extended position.

FIG. 2a is a cross-section of a rotary-linear actuator, according toanother embodiment of the invention, in which a plunger is shown in asubstantially retracted position.

FIG. 2b is a cross-section of the rotary-linear actuator of FIG. 2a inwhich the plunger shown in a substantially extended position.

FIG. 3a is a cross-section of a rotary-linear actuator, according tostill another embodiment of the invention, in which a plunger is shownin a substantially retracted position.

FIG. 3b is a cross-section of the rotary-linear actuator of FIG. 3a inwhich the plunger shown in a substantially extended position.

FIG. 3c is a cross-section of rotary-linear actuator similar to that ofFIGS. 3a and 3b, but in which the air bearing supporting the plunger isreplaced with a bushing with ball-bearings capable of accommodatingaxial and tangential movement.

FIG. 4a is a cross section through an axis of the embodiments of FIGS.1a and 1b in a preliminary stage of manufacture showing magnets arrangedabout a central plunger element.

FIG. 4b is a cross section of the plunger of FIG. 4a in a further stageof manufacture showing magnets coated with epoxy after grinding to forma cylindrical outer surface.

FIG. 4c is a cross section of plunger element according to an embodimentof the invention showing the arrangement of z and φ motors and opticalpickups.

FIG. 5a shows a simplified view of plunger element with z and φ encodersin an embodiment in which the z scale and φ scale are formed on separateportions of the plunger.

FIG. 5b shows a simplified view of plunger element with a grid scalethat is scanned by both z and φ encoders.

FIG. 6a shows a planar projection of the magnet array attached to theplunger element or a base according to one embodiment of this feature ofthe invention.

FIG. 6b shows a planar projection of the magnet array attached to theplunger element or a base according to another embodiment of thisfeature of the invention.

FIG. 6c shows a planar projection of the magnet array attached to theplunger element or a base according to still another embodiment of thisfeature of the invention.

FIG. 7a shows the arrangement of magnets relative to z and φ coils of zand φ motors for the cylindrical plunger element of the invention.

FIG. 7b shows the arrangement of magnets relative to x and y coils of xand y motors of an analogous planar x-y positioning system.

FIG. 8 is a cross section view of the embodiment of FIGS. 3a and 3b.

FIG. 9 is a cross section view of an embodiment of the invention havinga preferred type of air-cylinder weight compensation system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to FIGS. 1a, 1b, 6a-6c, and 7a, in an embodiment of theinvention, a cylindrical plunger element 26 which acts a stage floats onan air bearing 76 in a well formed by a motor support 27 and an airbearing support 28. Motor support 27 and air bearing support 28 act as abase of this embodiment of the invention. A surface defining the wellhas a groove 16 through which air is distributed to form air bearing 76.Appropriate orifices and pockets (not shown) are supplied as requiredaccording to known techniques for making air bearings. Plunger element26 is free to move axially and rotate about its axis supported on airbearing 76. Plunger element 26 has an array of magnets 25 covering anoutside surface thereof. Half of magnets 25 are oriented so that theirnorth poles point radially outward and an equal number are oriented sothat their north poles point radially inward. Referring momentarily toFIG. 6a, a flat projection of the arrangement of magnets 25 shows theirrelationship to each other. Magnets 25 include outward-oriented magnets25a and inward oriented magnets 25b arranged in a regular pattern toform rings and columns of magnets. In the rotary-linear actuator, thearrangement shown in FIGS. 6a would be projected on the cylindricalsurface of plunger element 26 to form the cylindrical array shown inFIG. 7a. In this arrangement, rings of one polarity alternate with ringsof opposite polarity and columns of one polarity alternate with columnsof opposite polarity. Consecutive rings of alternating polarity magnetsare offset or skewed circumferentially by one magnet width to form thecylindrical "checkerboard" pattern shown in FIG. 7a. Alternatively,consecutive columns of alternating polarity magnets are offset or skewedaxially by one magnet width to form the cylindrical checkerboard patternof FIG. 7a.

Referring to FIGS. 6b and 6c, closely packed magnet patterns are shownwith round and diamond shaped magnets, respectively. The magnet patternsof FIGS. 6b and 6c would be projected on the cylindrical surface ofplunger element 26 to form an axial-circumferential array of magnetswith alternating polarity. In these arrangements, consecutive ringsand/or consecutive columns of magnets have alternating polarity. Again,the consecutive rings and/or columns of alternating polarity magnets areoffset or skewed by a certain distance to achieve a closely packedpattern according to the shape of the magnets. In each of the patternsshown in FIGS. 6a-6c, a magnet of one polarity is diagonally adjacent tomagnets of opposite polarity.

Referring also to FIG. 4c, a set of z-axis coils (for axial movement)curve around the plunger. Z-axis coils 15a are shaped to allow a currentin them to create an axial force on the magnets. A set of φ-axis coils15b (for rotational movement) have longitudinal axes that are parallelto the axis of the plunger and are sized to allow current in them togenerate a tangential force on the columns of magnets. Air is injectedinto a space between a center column defining the center of the annularwell and the internal surface of the plunger to support the plunger.Plunger element 26 is driven in rotational and linear modes,respectively, by z motor 45 and φ motor 46. Both z and φ motors 45 and46 contain coils that generate changing fields that interact with thefields generated by magnets 25 to generate a motive force on plungerelement 26. In FIG. 7a, positions of coils 701 of φ motor 46 and coil702 of z motor 45 are shown schematically relative to magnets 25. FIG.7a shows only one coil per mode for purposes of explanation. In reality,a motor may consist of several coils. In addition, the number of magnetsshown in FIG. 7a is chosen for clarity, the actual density and sizewould be chosen based on the application. For a practical device, manymore or fewer magnets could be used, depending on the resolution andsize of the actuator required for the application. In addition, thelengths and widths of coils 701 and 702 may differ substantially fromthat shown in FIG. 7a. Typically, 3 phase coils are used separated 120degrees apart to provide smooth transition between phases. In thepresent invention, a single phase, two phase, or three-phaseconfigurations can be used, depending on the application.

A preferred configuration consists of 10 to 16 magnets per ring ofmagnets. That is, for a ring of twelve magnets, when the pattern of FIG.6a is used, there would be twelve magnets of one pole orientationencircling the plunger below which there would be twelve more magnets.Each magnet is separated from the others in a vertical and horizontaldirection by a gap one magnet-width wide. For example, the configurationof FIG. 7a has 12 magnets per ring. This would leave enough room for thecoil ends and the encoders. The magnet configurations of FIGS. 6b and 6cshow magnet patterns which provide a close packing arrangement which maybe employed depending upon application requirements. The length andwidth of coils 701, 702 are modified accordingly, relative to the magnetpattern selected for the application.

In FIG. 1a, z motor 45 and φ motor 46 have coils 15a and 15b embedded inlaminations 13. The laminations can be manufactured from thin sheets ofsteel laminated together or from compacted powdered metal depending onthe application and speed.

The coils can be manufactured by winding the coils in a standard manner,using copper wire surrounded by a heat-actuated glue. The z-axis coilscurve around the plunger. Initially, the coils can be formed in astraight longitudinal configuration. Then, a current may be applied tothe coils and the coils bent in a jig or mold to the proper shape. Afterthe coils cool, they retain their curved shape. The coils can then beinserted in slots in the laminations and varnish or epoxy applied to thecoils and laminations. Voids may be filled with epoxy. The surfaceadjacent the plunger can then be machined appropriately to form asurface with the proper dimensions.

In an alternative embodiment, the coils can be made in the same manneras described immediately above, except that, instead of usinglaminations, a powder iron, held together with glue or epoxy may beused. In such a material, the iron particles are small and insulatedfrom each other, a high volume resistivity is obtained to minimize thegeneration of eddy currents. This configuration has the advantages oflow cost and ease of manufacture. It has, however, the disadvantage oflower flux density.

Another configuration for the coils is to employ coils embedded inresin, only. No iron or steel is used in order to eliminate eddycurrents and reduce cogging. This configuration is discussed in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/346,860, the entirety of which isincorporated herein by reference. This configuration is known (Anorad'sLE type motor) and a design optimized around this configuration of thecoils is described below with reference to FIGS. 3a-3b.

Note that although according to the above embodiments, the magnets andcoils are shown lying immediately beneath smooth surfaces on the stageand base elements of the rotary-linear actuator, this is only one ofother possible configurations. For example, the magnets and coils couldbe formed on a mold and the voids left unfilled. This would present arough surface, but would still be operable and would avoid the machiningrequired by the method described above.

Referring to FIGS. 1a, 1b, 5a, and 5b, affixed to the surface of magnets25, is a thin sheet carrying an encoder scale 11. Encoder scale 11 isetched with a pattern of reflective and non-reflective regions that arescanned by optical pickups 12 and 17 to register movement of plungerelement 26. As shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b, encoder scale 11 can be formedas separate linear scales 11a and 11b or combined into one grid scale11c. When the scales are separate, optical pickups 12 and 17 operate inthe conventional way. In addition, when using the configuration of scale11a, optical pickups 12 and 17 must be arranged as shown in FIG. 5a oranother appropriate way so that they "see" the appropriate scalethroughout the positioning range. Thus, a different arrangement ofoptical pickups 12 and 17 would be required from that shown in FIGS. 1aand 1b. When the scales are combined as for grid scale 11b shown in FIG.5b, optical pickups 12a and 17a are somewhat different from theconventional linear design. Optical pickup 12a, for example, projectslight at, and senses reflected light from, an elongated detection regionwith a horizontal axis. The elongated detection region wraps partiallyaround the cylindrical surface of scale 11 so that a ring of reflectiveand non-reflective patches are subtended. When plunger element 26 moves,at least partly, in a direction perpendicular to the long axis of thedetected area (z-direction) it causes successive columns of reflectiveand non-reflective patches to pass through the detected area alternatingwith the gaps between the successive rings. The reflected light isaveraged over the detection region. As plunger element 26 moves, asignal, proportional to the average reflected energy, is output byoptical pickup 17a. The signal is responsive, primarily, only tomovement in the z-direction. Movement in the φ-direction does not causethe signal to vary significantly because of the shape of the region andits alignment with grid scale 11c. The situation is similar with regardto φ-direction movement and z-direction optical pickup 12a.

Travel of plunger element 26 is limited in the retracted direction (thedirection moved by plunger element 26 in going from the position shownin FIG. 1b to the position shown in FIG. 1a) by vertical stops 19 and alimit switch 18. Suitable means may be provided (not shown) for limitingtravel in the extension direction (the direction moved by plungerelement 26 in going from the position shown in FIG. 1a to the positionshown in FIG. 1b). A variation on the configuration of FIGS. 1a and 1b,shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b, permits an extension-direction stop and limitswitch assembly 28 to be affixed to motor support 27 and located at thecenter of plunger element 26 (Note that stop and limit switch assembly'ssupport structure is not shown, but could be provided in a number ofways, such as by attaching it to a stalk running through a center holein the hollow center column portion of plunger assembly 26).

Referring to FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 8 according to another embodiment of theinvention two sets of magnets 25 are affixed to concentric inner andouter cylindrical portions 26a and 26b of plunger element 26 which actsas a stage element. Air bearing 76 supports inner cylindrical portion26a. The coils that generate the changing magnetic fields that interactwith the fields generated by the two sets of magnets 25 are contained inz and φ motors (shown in FIG. 8) embedded in a motor cylinder 128supported by a motor support cylinder 127. The z and φ motor coils arearranged similarly to the arrangement depicted in FIG. 7a surrounded bytwo concentric cylindrical arrays of magnets. The coils contained inmotor cylinder 128 together with motor support cylinder 127 form a baseelement according to the embodiments shown. However, in the embodimentsshown no laminations are employed--the coils are embedded in resinalone. The fields generated by z and φ motors 27a and 27b interact withthe inner and outer sets of magnets 25e and 25d. So that there isconsistent response and maximum power at all rotational positions ofplunger element 26, the inner (25e in FIG. 8) and outer sets of magnets(25d in FIG. 8) are sized to maintain rotational symmetry.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 3a and 3b, an encoder scale (not shown),identical to encoder scale 11, is affixed to the outer cylindricalsurface of outer cylindrical portion 26b of plunger element 26. Opticalpickups 12 and 17 are located on motor support 27.

Referring to FIG. 3c, an alternative way of supporting plunger element26 with respect to motor support 27 is to use a cylindrical bushing 30with ball bearings 31 held in a cylindrical cage 32. Bushing 30 isapplicable to all of the embodiments described above and others. Ballbearings 31 are selected in size to develop a proper pre-load. Thesurfaces adjacent ball bearings 31 may be hardened for durability andprecision.

Referring to FIGS. 4a and 4b, to manufacture plunger element 26 withmagnets 25, magnets 25 are attached with adhesive to plunger element 27and coated with epoxy 26f. After epoxy 26f hardens, plunger 27 ismachined to form a precision round surface. The above procedure, adaptedaccording to conventional machine shop practice, can be applied to allthe embodiments described, and others. For example, the embodiment shownin FIG. 8 requires a precise inside surface of magnets 25d, on outercylindrical portion 26b. These magnets face inwardly but could beassembled with epoxy and machined as described above to produce a cleancylindrical inside surface.

Referring to FIGS. 6a, 6b, and 6c, note that although in the embodimentsdescribed above, magnet 25 arrays with 50% packing density (FIG. 6a) areused, other arrangements are possible. For example, magnets 25 could beround and arranged in a pattern such as that of FIG. 6b or magnets 25could be diamond shaped and arranged as shown in FIG. 6c. Thealternative arrangements shown in FIGS. 6b and 6c have different torquecharacteristics than that of FIG. 6a which may be desirable for arotary-linear actuator in specific applications. For example, thearrangement of FIG. 6c with a coil of very narrow width can achieve highpeak torque. With a wider coil, it is characterized by low cogging. Peaktorque of the arrangement of FIG. 6b is also potentially greater thanthat of the arrangement of FIG. 6a, depending on the coil width.

Referring to FIG. 9, to avoid loss of potential power and excess motorheat, the weight of plunger element 26 and tools or work-pieces mountedthereon could be compensated for by means of an integral air cylinder601 formed by sealing the concentric space between motor support 27 andplunger element 26. Connected to a pressure-regulated source of air 602,vacuum or pressure is applied generating a net force on plunger element26. This source of force could be used to compensate for the weight of atool or workpiece or other fixture attached to plunger element 26.Alternatively this external force could be used in the operation towhich the invention is applied, for example, applying an axial force toa screwdriver. Leaks due to the air bearing (or roller bushing) could becompensated for by the air supply.

Another possible way to make a pressure- or vacuum-augmented version ofthe rotary-linear actuator is to use a separate sealed air-operatedpiston/cylinder device (not shown) connected between motor support 27and plunger element 26 inside the space labeled 601. In addition, notethat fluids other than air could also be used to achieve a similareffect, for example, hydraulic fluid could be used instead of air.

Although in the embodiments described, a plunger has permanent magnetsand is internally arranged in a motor support, the invention can readilybe changed by placing the motors on the plunger element and thepermanent magnets on the motor-supporting elements as in the aboveembodiments. Likewise, the optical pickups could be placed on theplunger element and the scales on the motor support rather than theother way around as shown in the preferred embodiments. In addition,other variations are possible such as providing a single long pillarlined with permanent magnets and a cylindrical motor element with twocoaxial open ends. The latter would provide any degree of linear travelrequired. The encoders would be carried on the motor element and thepillar would have a grid scale on its outer surface. Many othervariations are possible. These alternatives are considered to fallwithin the bounds of at least some of the claims recited below.

Also, although in the embodiments described above, the magnets and coilsare arranged so that one set of coils produces forces only in the φdirection (perpendicular to the axis of rotary movement) and another setof coils produces forces only in the direction parallel to the axis ofrotary movement, it is recognized that other arrangements are possible.For example, the magnets and coils can be arranged so that each coil, orset of coils, produces forces having both axis-parallel andaxis-perpendicular components. Such variations are considered to bewithin the scope of the invention.

Although only a single or few exemplary embodiments of this inventionhave been described in detail above, those skilled in the art willreadily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplaryembodiment(s) without materially departing from the novel teachings andadvantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications areintended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined inthe following claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses areintended to cover the structures described herein as performing therecited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalentstructures. Thus although a nail and screw may not be structuralequivalents in that a nail relies entirely on friction between a woodenpart and a cylindrical surface whereas a screw's helical surfacepositively engages the wooden part, in the environment of fasteningwooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures.

What is claimed is:
 1. A rotary-linear actuator, comprising:a first member with an annular cylindrical opening; a second member, cylindrical in shape, sized to fit within said annular cylindrical opening; said first and second members being connected by a bearing means for maintaining a concentricity of said first and second members and a freedom of relative linear movement of said first and second members along, and relative rotation of said first and second members about, a common axis of said first and second members; a first plurality of permanent magnets affixed in a first pattern on said first member; said first pattern composed of concentric axial-circumferential arrays, with at least one of rings and columns of permanent magnets of each of said arrays having alternating magnetic polarities; said at least one of ring and columns of permanent magnets being skewed such that a permanent magnet of one polarity is diagonally adjacent to and having at least one contact point with permanent magnets of an opposite polarity; a second plurality of coils on said second member between said concentric arrays of permanent magnets; and said second plurality of coils including at least a first coil wound and controllable to interact with said first plurality of permanent magnets to urge said first member in said axial direction, and at least a second coil wound and controllable to urge said first member in said circumferential direction.
 2. An actuator as in claim 1, wherein said bearing means includes an air bearing.
 3. An actuator as in claim 1, wherein said bearing means includes a rotary-linear ball bushing.
 4. An actuator as in claim 1, further comprising:a source of controlled air pressure capable of supplying one of a vacuum and a pressured supply of air; a cylinder element attached to one of said first and second members adapted to contain said one of said vacuum and said pressurized supply of air; and a piston element attached to an other of said first and second members, cooperatively associated with said cylinder element shaped and arranged be acted upon by said one of said vacuum and said pressurized supply of air.
 5. An actuator as in claim 4, wherein said piston and cylinder elements are integral with said one of said first and second members and said other of said first and second members, respectively.
 6. A rotary-linear actuator, comprising:first and second elements having a common axis; a first plurality of permanent magnets affixed in a first pattern on said first element; said first pattern is an axial-circumferential array with at least one of rings and columns of permanent magnets having alternating magnetic polarities; said at least one of rings and columns of permanent magnets skewed such that a permanent magnet of one polarity is diagonally adjacent to and having at least one contact point with permanent magnets of an opposite polarity; said second element having at least first and second electrical coils capable of generating respective first and second magnetic fields; a bearing to support said first element with respect to said second element to allow said first and second elements to rotate about said common axis relative to each other and to slide in a direction collinear with said axis; said first and second coils being positioned relative to each other and relative to said first plurality of permanent magnets to produce a substantial motive force capable of providing both rotational and collinear displacement of said first and second elements with respect to each other when said at least first and second coils are excited by an electrical current.
 7. An actuator as in claim 6, wherein:said first element is an annular member aligned on said common axis; and said first plurality of permanent magnets are equidistant from said common axis.
 8. An actuator as in claim 7, further comprising:a position detector on one of said first and second elements; said position detector including an optical encoder.
 9. An actuator as in claim 7, wherein said bearing is an air bearing.
 10. An actuator as in claim 7, wherein:said second element is an annular member with an axis; and said axis of said second element is collinear with said axis of said first element.
 11. An actuator as in claim 10, wherein:said first coil has a first long axis; said second coil has a second long axis; said first and second coils are arranged on said second element with said first and second long axes substantially perpendicular.
 12. An actuator as in claim 11, further comprising:a position detector on one of said first and second elements; said position detector including an optical encoder.
 13. An actuator as in claim 6, wherein:said second element is an annular member with an axis; and said axis of said second element is collinear with said axis of said first element.
 14. An actuator as in claim 13, further comprising:a position detector on one of said first and second elements; said position detector including an optical encoder.
 15. An actuator as in claim 13, wherein said bearing is an air bearing.
 16. An actuator as in claim 6, wherein said bearing is an air bearing.
 17. An actuator as in claim 16, further comprising:a position detector on one of said first and second elements; said position detector including an optical encoder.
 18. An actuator as in claim 17, wherein:another of said first and second elements has a grid scale element detected by said optical encoder; and said grid scale having a surface with an array of regions of a first reflectivity defined by an intersticial region of a second reflectivity.
 19. An actuator as in claim 6, further comprising:a position detector on one of said first and second elements; said position detector including an optical encoder.
 20. An actuator as in claim 19, wherein:another of said first and second elements has a grid scale element detected by said optical encoder; and said grid scale having a surface with an array of regions of a first reflectivity defined by an intersticial region of a second reflectivity.
 21. An actuator as in claim 20, wherein a long axis of at least one of said coils subtends at least two of said first plurality of permanent magnets and a dimension perpendicular to said long axis is approximately half a width of said at least two of said first plurality of permanent magnets.
 22. An actuator as in claim 6, wherein a long axis of at least one of said coils subtends at least two of said first plurality of permanent magnets and a dimension perpendicular to said long axis is approximately half a width of said at least two of said first plurality of permanent magnets.
 23. A rotary-linear actuator, comprising:a base element having one of a first plurality of magnets and a second plurality of coils; a stage element having an other of said first plurality of magnets and said second plurality of coils; said first plurality of magnets arranged in at least one of consecutive rings and columns having alternating magnetic polarities; said at least one of rings and columns skewed such that a magnet of one polarity is diagonally adjacent to and having at least one contact point with magnets of an opposite polarity; said stage element being connected to said base element such that said stage element is free to rotate on an axis and slide along said axis; and said first plurality of magnets and said second plurality of coils are arranged to generate a motive force therebetween when said second plurality of coils is energized.
 24. An actuator as in claim 23, said stage element is connected to said base element by an air bearing.
 25. An actuator as in claim 23, wherein said first plurality of magnets is arranged in a regular array on one of said base element and said stage element.
 26. An actuator as in claim 25, said stage element is connected to said base element by an air bearing.
 27. An actuator as in claim 23, said stage element is connected to said base element by an air bearing.
 28. An actuator as in claim 23 wherein said motive force is a force directed along said axis such that said stage element and said base element move along said axis relative to each other.
 29. An actuator as in claim 23, said stage element is connected to said base element by an air bearing.
 30. An actuator as in claim 23, wherein said motive force is a force directed about said axis such that said stage element and said base element rotate about said axis relative to each other.
 31. An actuator as in claim 30, said stage element is connected to said base element by an air bearing.
 32. A rotary-linear actuator, comprising:a base member; a stage member; said base member having a first cylindrical surface; said stage member having a second cylindrical surface; said first and second cylindrical surfaces having a common axis; said base having one of a plurality of magnets and a plurality of electric coils shaped to define a first cylinder coaxial with said common axis; said stage having another of said plurality of magnets and said plurality of electric coils shaped to define a second cylinder coaxial with said common axis; said plurality of magnets arranged in at least one of consecutive rings and columns having alternating magnetic polarities; and said at least one of rings and columns skewed such that a magnet of one polarity is diagonally adjacent to and having at least one contact point with magnets of an opposite polarity.
 33. A rotary-linear actuator, comprising:a base member; a stage member; said base member having a first cylindrical surface; said stage member having a second cylindrical surface; said first and second cylindrical surfaces having a common axis; said base having one of a plurality of magnets and a plurality of electric coils shaped to define a first cylinder coaxial with said common axis; said stage having another of said plurality of magnets and said plurality of electric coils shaped to define a second cylinder coaxial with said common axis; a first surface section on said stage member and a second surface section on said base member; said first surface section facing said second surface section; said first and second surface sections defining cylindrical sections concentric with said axis; and an air injector to inject air between said first and second surface sections to form an air bearing.
 34. An actuator as in claim 32, wherein said plurality of magnets forms a regular array defining a cylinder coaxial with said axis.
 35. An actuator as in claim 34, wherein said plurality of coils and said plurality of magnets are arranged so that selective excitation of said coils generates forces tending to rotate said stage member with respect to said base member and forces tending to move said stage in a direction of said axis relative to said base member.
 36. An actuator as in claim 32, wherein said plurality of coils includes two coils having respective long axes arranged generally perpendicular to each other.
 37. An actuator as in claim 36, wherein said plurality of coils and said plurality of magnets are arranged so that selective excitation of said coils generates forces tending to rotate said stage member with respect to said base member and forces tending to move said stage in a direction of said axis relative to said base member.
 38. An actuator as in claim 36, wherein:a first of said two of said plurality of coils has a long axis that curves around said axis in a direction generally perpendicular to said axis; and a second of said two of said plurality of coils has a long axis that runs generally parallel to said axis.
 39. An actuator as in claim 32, wherein said plurality of coils and said plurality of magnets are arranged so that selective excitation of said coils generates forces tending to rotate said stage member with respect to said base member and forces tending to move said stage in a direction of said axis relative to said base member.
 40. A rotary-linear actuator, comprising:a first cylinder having a first axis; a first plurality of permanent magnets affixed in a first pattern on said first cylinder; said first pattern being an axial-circumferential array with said first plurality of permanent magnets arranged in at least one of consecutive rings and columns of alternating magnetic polarities; said at least one of rings and columns skewed such that a magnet of one polarity is diagonally adjacent to and having at least one contact point with magnets of an opposite polarity; a second cylinder fittable with said first cylinder; a second plurality of coils on said second cylinder facing said first plurality of permanent magnets; means for supporting said first cylinder with respect to said second cylinder such that said first and second cylinders are free to rotate about said first axis relative to each other and to slide in a direction collinear with said first axis; said second plurality of coils including at least a first coil wound and controllable to interact with said first plurality of permanent magnets to urge said first cylinder in said axial direction, and at least a second coil wound and controllable to urge said first cylinder in said circumferential direction.
 41. A rotary-linear actuator according to claim 40 wherein said first and second cylinders are connected by an air bearing.
 42. A rotary-linear actuator as in claim 40, wherein said means for supporting includes an air bearing. 